Tanubhrt.This.Side

Management, the term that is often regarded as the part and parcel of life, because after all, no matter what, you are managing something or else, right! For instance, the house wife. She is the one who is managing the entire house, the one responsible for telling when the maid has to come, what she has to do! She is the one taking care of the children.

In this post we will be understanding the fundamentals of management through some questions and their explainations. We have used the book provided by NIOS.Let us begin –

What is management?

Management refers to the process of using men, money, machine,material and processes through proper direction, co-ordination and integration of several activities so as to produce desired results and attain pre determined goals. In other words, management consists of a series of activities classified into various functions like planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling.

What does management helps in?

Management helps in efficient and effective use of available resources of an organization. Objectives are the end results towards which the entire managerial efforts and organisational activities are directed.

What are the objectives of management?

Objectives of management include –

1. Optimum utilization of resources
2. Increase in productivitiy of all factors of production
3. fair return on capital
4. create goodwill
5. meet challenges of the changing environment

What is meant by optimum utilization of resources?

Management should try to secure maximum outlay with minimum efforts and resources by utilizing the human and material resources available in an organization for deriving best results.

How does management ensures increase in productivity of all factors of the production?

Management should minimize the wastage of time, money and efforts through proper utilization of various factors of production like capital and labor. This will lead to increase in efficiency of all factors of production. It should also try to set higher standards of productions every year and should strive to reach these targets.

How is a fair return on capital ensured in Management?

management has to provide a fair return to the owners on the capital invested by them. Management must maintain the investment and should also attract further investments for growth and expansion.

What is creating goodwill in management?

Management should aim at building the reputation of the firm through various activities like popularising products by advertising, reasonable price, good quality products etc. Business environment is dynamic and is influenced by a number of factors.

How does management ensures that the enterprises meet challenges of the changing environment?

Enterprises which are unable to adopt itself to the changing situations, will not be able to survive. Management should frame steps to meet the challenges of the changing environment. Thus, management can help an organization for its survival and growth.

What are the characterstics of management?

The characterstics of management are –

1. Management is universal
2. management is goal directed
3. management is continious process
4. management is an integrating pocess
5. management is intangible
6. management is multi-disciplinary
7. management is social process
8. Management is situational

What is meant by management is universal?

It means that management is required by every type of organization. It may be business organization or social or political. It may be a small firm or a large one. So, it is required by a school or a college or a university or a big firm like Reliance or even your store. It is a universal phenomenon and is common and essential element in all organization..

What is the meaning of management being goal directed?

Every organization is created to achieve certain goals. For example, for a business firm it may be to make maximum profit and or to provide quality products and services. Management of an organization is always aimed at the achievement of the organizational goals. Success of management is determined by the extent to which these goals can be achieved.

What is the meaning of management being a continious process?

Management is a continous process. It continues as long as the organization exists. No activity can take place without management. To perform all activities like production, sale, storage operation etc, management is required. So, as long as these activities continue the process of management also continues.

What is meant by management being an integrating process?

All the functions, activities, process and operations are intermixed among themselves. It is the task of the management to bring them together and proceed in a co-ordinated manner to achieve desired results. In fact, without integration of men, machine and material and co-ordination of individual efforts to contribute successfully as a team, it will be difficult to achieve organizational goals.

What is the meaning of management being intangible?

Management is not a place like graphic showing board . It is an unseen force and you can feel its presence in the form of rules, regulation, output, work climate etc.

What does it mean for management to be multi-disciplinary?

Management of an organization requires wide knowledge about various disciplines as it covers handling of man, matching, material on looking after production, distribution, accounting and many other functions. Thus, we find the principles and techniques of management are mostly drawn from almost all fields of study like engineering, economics, sociology, psychology, anthropology etc.

 

How is management a social process?

Most important aspect of management is handling people organized in work groups. This involves developing and motivating people at work and taking care of their satisfaction as social beings. All managerial actions are primarily concerned with relations between people and so it is treated as social process.

In what ways can we say that management is situational?

The success of management depends upon, and varies from, situation to situation. There is no best way of managing. The techniques and principles of management are relative and do no hold good for all situations to come.

How does management impact any organization?

The existence and success of any organization depends on the kind of management it has. No amount of quality resources is going to help unless they are put to productive use by efficient management.

What is the importance of management?

Management is important because of the following aspects –

1. Attainment of Goals
2. Stability and growth
3. Change and Development
4. Efficiency and Effectiveness

How is attainment of goals achieved by management?

Every organization has a goal to achieve and each employee in the organization also has his own goals that he wants to achieve. Even at operational level each department, each unit or even each group has a goal that it wants to achieve. It is only through proper management – by well thought of planning, good direction and proper coordination and control that effectiveness to achieve given goals can be ensured.

How does management promotes stability and growth of an organization?

Management strives to utilize the available resources of the organization effectively and efficiently. It controls the activities and operations, integrates the functions, motivates the employees, maintains the health of the organization in the ever changing environment. it thus, ensures stability to the working of the organization and contributes to its growth.

How does management allows for change and development in any organization?

Management keeps itself in touch with the changes in the environment and foresees development in the future.. Accordingly, plans are made to keep the organization ready to meet the challenges. The technologies, operations, process as human factors are developed on a continuous basis keeping an eye on the future.

How is efficiency and effectiveness achieved by management?

By proper planning, staffing, organizing, coordinating, directing and its controlling activities the management helps in achieving efficiency and effectiveness to human efforts and operations.

What is meant by principles?

Principles are the basic truths generally stated in the form of cause effect relationships. Management principles are the broad guidelines for the managers for decision making.

Explain management as a process.

Management consists of a series of inter-related activities of planning, organising and controlling. All activities are undertaken in a proper sequence with a systematic approach so as to ensure that all actions are directed towards achievement of common goals. Thus, it is regarded as a process of organising and employing resources to accomplish the predetermined objectives.

Explain management as a discipline.

Management is a systematised body of knowldege that has developed, grown and evloved over the years through practice and research. The knowledge so cumulated is disseminated to successive generations of managers and used by them in performing their jobs. Thus, it has become a separate field of study with its own principles and practices and thus evolved as an independent discipline with its own techniuques and approaches.

Explain management as a group.

Management normally refers to a group of managers working in an organisation. It includes the top executive as well as the first line of supervisors. These managers perform their functions jointly as a group. The success of business doe not depend on the efficiency of one, but of all managers taken together. Managers work as a team so that objectives of the business are fully achieved.H However, in every organisation there are certain levels of management with varying degree of the nature of varying authority and responsibility.

On what basis are principles of management derived on?

Principles of management are derived on the basis of observation and experimentation studies. Principles of management establishes cause and effect relationship and serve as a guide to thought and action. For example, according to the principle of division of work, specialization is the result of division of work. The cause and effect can be clearly located.

What is the nature of principles of management?

The principles of management are –

1. Universal
2. Flexible
3. Aimed to influence human behavior
4. cause and effect relationship

Explain the nature of principles of management?

The nature of principle of management is as follows –

1. Universal – The management principles are applicable to all types of organizations like government enterprises, educational institutions, business enterprises etc.
2. Flexible – Management priniples are modified and applied according to the changing situations. For example, when an organisation started its functioning, it may have adopted principle of centralization. When the organisation became a large enterprise, it will apply principle of decentralization.
3. Aimed to influence human behavior – Human behavior is complex and unpredictable. Management principles influence human behavior so that human resources give their best to an organization. For example, principle of order is followed, so that wasteful movement of workers can be avoided.
4. cause and effect relationship – Management principles indicated clearly the cause of various actions and consequences of various decisions. For example, according to the principle of discipline, smooth running of business is the result of discipline.

What is the significance of principles of management?

management principles are considered important in all group efforts. Following are the points of importance of management principles –

1. Act as a guide for research in management – The principles developed so far can be tested in new situations and management practices can be made more effective. For example, in earlier days workers were motivated by their remuneration. But now a days family health, education of the children etc shoul be considered by the organzation in order to motivate dna retain workers.
2. Improve Understandig – The knowledge of principles of management help the managers to manage an enterprise properly. The principles of management help the managers for taking correct decisons. Managers can handle situations more smoothly.
3. Identify the areas for training of managers – The principles of management help in identifying the areas where the managers should be trained.
4. Acts as reference for managers – Principles act as reference for the managers and help to evaluate whether the decision taken by him are appropriate and accurate.
5. Increases efficiency – Princples are guidelines for managers for taking accurate decisions. Principles help the manager for solving problems of an enterprise.

Who is the father of scientific management?

F.W. Taylor is considered the father of scientific management.

What is scientific management?

Scientific management means the application of scientific methods of study and analysis of the problems of manamgement.

What are the principles of scientific management?

The principles of scientific management are –

1. Development of science for each element of man’s work
2. Scientific selection, training and evelopment of workmen
3. Close co-operation between workers and management
4. Mental revolution
5. Maximum prosperity
6. Division of responsibility

Explain development of science for each element of man’s work in principles of scientific management?

According to this principle, decisions should be based on facts rather than rule of thumb. The work assigned to a worker should be observed. Each element like time taken, fatigue of worker etc of work should be analysed. The purpose of such observation is to decide the best way of performing the job. Taylor stressed that each job should be based on scientific study.

What did F.W. Taylor meant by scientific selection, training and development of workmen?

F.W Taylor suggested that if an organisation wants to improve the efficientcy it is necessary that workmen are appointed with due care scientifically on the basis of job analysis and job description. So that their skills and experience match with the jobs.

What was the view of F.W taylor on the relation between workers and management?

F.W. Taylor is of the view that there should be close co-operation between workers and management to carry out the work in accordance with the plans and standards.

According to F.W. Taylor, without complete mental revolution of workers and managers, scientific management will not be successful. The workers and managers shoulld have a complete change of outlook with respect to their relations and work efforts. This is called mental revolution.

Explain the principle of maximum prosperity given by F.W Taylor.

As per this principle, the aim of every management should be to secure maximum prosperity for the employers and employees. This is possible only when each worker is given the opportunity for maximum output rather than restricted output.

Explain division of responsibility given by FW Taylor?

Taylor emphasized that there should be clear cut division of responsibility between management and workers. Planning of work should be the responsibility of managers. Execution of work should be done by workers.

What are the techniques of scientific management?

Following are the techniques of scientifica management given by F.W. Taylor-

1. Work studies
2. Standiarisation
3. Functional Formenaship
4. Shop Disciplinarian

What suggestions were given by F.W Taylor regarding the payment of workers?

F.W. Taylor suggested higher payment for those workers who produced standard output or more and lower payment to those who fail to produce standard output.

What is meant by differential piece rate plan?

Workers are paid on the basis of number of pieces produced. Due to different rates for different sets of workers, it is known as differential piece rate plan.

What was scientific management concerned with?

Scientific management was concerned with increasing the efficiency of individual workers at the shop floor. It did not give efficient attention to the role of managers and their functions.

Explain with example the meaning of differential piece rate plan?

Suppose standard output is fixed at 100 units and two workers A and B produced 120 units and 80 units respectively. If the two piece rates are Rs 1. and Rs 0.75, A will receive Rs. 120 and B will get only Rs. 60 only. As B receives a lesser pay, he will be under pressure to improve the efficiency and to attain the standard output.

Who is Henry Fayol?

Henry Fayol was the director of a coal mining company in France who made a systematic analysis of the process of management. He strongly felt that managers should be guided by certain principles, and evolved 14 general principles for management which are still considered important in management.Fayol

What are the fourteen principles created by Henry Fayol?

The fourteen major principles created by Henry Fayol are –

1. Division of Work
2. Authority and Responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Unity of Command
5. Unity of Direction
6. Sub-ordination of Individual Interest to General Interest
7. Remuneration
8. Centralisation
9. Scalar Chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of Tenure
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de Corps

What does division of work by Fayol means?

The principle suggests that work should be assigned to a person for which he is best suited. Work should be divided into compact jobs to be assigned to individuals. This facilitates specialisation and improves efficiency.

What does authority and responsibility mean as per Fayol principle?

Responsibility means the work assigned to any person, and authority means rights that are given to him to manage people and things to ensure performmance. In other words, authority should go hand in hand with the responsibility for effective results.

How is discipline implemented in managment as per Fayol principle?

This principle emphasises that subordinates should respect their superiors and obey their orders. On the other hand, superiors behaviours should be such that they make subordinates obedient. If such discipline is observed, there will be no problem of industrial dispute.

What is meant by unity of command and unity of direction as per Fayol’s principle?

A subordinate should work under supervision of one superior only from whom he gets instructions, and to whom he is accountable. It avoids confusion in authority and instructions. As per unity of direction, each group of activities having same objective must have one head and one plan of action., Otherwise there may be wastage, over expenditure and useless rivarly among managers.

How is subordination of Individual interest to general interest taken care as per Fayol’s principle?

While taking any decision, the collective good and collective interest of the organization as a whole should be preferred to individual interest. The individual interest should be subordinated to the overall interest of the organization. Thie ensures welfare of the organization as well as its individual members.

As per Fayol, what is the meaning of remuneration?

Management should try to give fare wages to the employees so as to ensure reasonable satisfaction of workers and productivity for the organization.

What is the meaning of centralisation as per Fayol?

When a single person controls the affairs of an organization, it is said to be complete centralization. In small concerns, a single manager can supervise the work of the subordinates easily, while in big organization, control is divided among a number of persons to facilitate operational decision making at various levels. Fayol’s opinion was that there should be proper balance between centralisation and delegation of authority in an organization.

What is scalar chain?

Scalar chain is the chain of authority relationship from the highest to the lowest ranks. This implies that subordinates report to their immediate supervisors who in turn report directly to their own boss. The order of this chain should be maintained when some instructions are to be passed on or enquiries are to be made.

What is the importance of order in management as per Fayol’s principle?

Placement of men and material should be properly made. Proper space should be made available where materials can be kept safely. Each man should be provided the work for which he is best suited.

What does the principle of equity demand from the manager, as per Fayol’s principle?

This principle requires the managers to be kind and just to workers. This promotes a friendly atmosphere between superiors and subordinates and motiavtes them to perform their duties efficiently.

What does stability of tenure means as per Fayol?

Employees should be provided stability and continuity of their tenure of employment. There should not be frequent termination of employees. This could be achieved through attractive remuneration and honourable treatment of personnel.

How does initiative play a role in the lives of managers?

Encouraging initiative among its personnel to chalking out and execution of a plan to achieve the desired results.

Explain Espirit de Corps.

This means team spirit. Managers should infuse the spirit of team work and cooperation among the employees. It helps in developing an atmosphere of mutual trust and a sense of unity.

 
Happy Learning 🙂