Tanubhrt.This.Side

[As you have seen —— consciousness emerge in India.]

Nationalism in Europe was associated with the formation of nation states [ people of the same culture or ethnicity defined their boundaries and started having their own government. Eg. Orissa and West Bengal etc]. New symbols, icons emerged, boundaries were made and people’s identity changed.

[In India, as in Vietnam—————————– emerge without conflict . ]

In India, nationalism meant anti-colonial movement. Different parts of the country came together to fight against colonialism. But, not all felt the effects of colonialism the same way. So, Gandhi decided to bring them all together, but it happened with few conflicts.

[In an earlier textbook ———————————————————– imagination of people ]

The First World War, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation

[First of all, the war created —— and the epidemic ]

The first world war changed the economic and political situation. The focus was now on defense. For the money, war loans and income tax were introduced. People were forced to join the army, causing unhappiness and hardship. In 1918-1919, 1920-21, crops failed followed by the influenza epidemic. By 1921, 12 to 13 million people died and then arose Mahatma Gandhi.

The Idea of Satyagraha

[Mahatma Gandhi returned to India ————————————————— unite all Indians. ]

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 from South Africa. There he won the racist regime using Satyagraha. Basically, Satyagrah focuses on the power of truth and the need to search the truth. It emphasizes that using truth one should question the conscience of the oppressor and make them understand, they are doing wrong. If are true, you need not fight violently.

[ After arriving in India, ————————————————— amongst cotton mill workers ]

Mahatma Gandhi organized Satyagraha movements –

1. Champaran – 1916, struggle of peasants against oppressive plantations.
2. Khuda district- Relax the revenue collection as crop failed and plague epidemic. In 1917.
3. Ahmedabad – 1918, satyagraha against cotton mill workers.

THE ROWLATT ACT

[Emboldened with success —————————————————- 6 April]

As per the per Rowlatt act, the Britishers got the power to oppress any political uprising and send any political person to jail without any trial. Although there were people against it, the law was still passed.Gandhi decided to have non-violent civil disobedience against this law, starting with hartal on April 6.

[Rallies were organized ————————– Dyer took command ]

As per hartal, people closed their shops, railway workshops were closed. As a result, Britishers got scared and started pulling nationalist in jail. On April 10, a peaceful procession in Amritsar was fired, leading to attacks. General Dyer then took command.

[On April 13, the infamous – ———————————————— terror and awe ]

On April 13, people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh for two reasons – talks about Britishers, ways of oppressing and attend Baisakhi fair. General Dyer, closed the exit door and gave orders of firing. This was done to create a moral impact.

[As the news of jallianwala bagh, ————————————————— called of movement.]

When Jallianwala Bagh happened, people went mad. They struck, had clashed and then government humiliated people. As a result, Gandhi took back the non-civil disobedience movement.

[While the rowlatt satyagraha —————————————————— for swaraj.]

Gandhi understood by now that it is important to bring Muslims and Hindus under one table. So, he decided to help in Khilafat movement.  After the world war I was over, Ottoman turkey got defeated and a harsh treaty was imposed on them. To defend, Khilafat Committee was formed in 1919. So, Gandhi convinced other leaders to help in Khilafat movement and ask for Swaraj.

WHY NON-COOPERATION?

[ In his famous, —————————————- would come]

In Hind Swaraj, Gandhi said, that British rule came and survived in India because of the cooperation of Indians. If Indians stop cooperating, Swaraj will come.

[How would non-cooperation ——————————————————————- movement?]

Gandhiji thought of starting non-cooperation in stages. With people giving away their awards, jobs, etch if there is an opposition by Britishers, a full civil disobedience would be launched. In 1920, Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively to get support for the movement.

[Many within Congress ————————————————– adopted]

Congresspeople thought that non-cooperation would lead to violence. They were not in favor of boycotting council elections. But, later on, a compromise was done and non-cooperation adopted.

DIFFERENT STRANDS WITHIN MOVEMENT

[The movement started with middle ——————————— Brahmans had access.]

Middle-class people left their jobs, students their schools to boycott. The boycott happened everywhere except Madras, where people thought being in power will help.

[The effect of non-cooperation ——————————————- handloom went up.]

Non-cooperation had an impact on the economic forum. People started discarding liqour shops, foreign clothes and so their sale went down. Since people wore only Indian clothes, their sales went up.

[But, the movement —————————————————- government courts.]

But, non-cooperation movement failed. Middle-class people wanted the job. So, they went back. Indian textile was expensive so people went back to foreign clothes.

REBELLION IN THE COUNTRYSIDE

[From the cities —————————————————— actions and aspirations.]

Peasants were facing issues like high rents. On top of it, they were asked to leave a place after a certain time, so they could never own a place. Also, peasants had to work for free and do begar. When peasants movement started, they asked for lower revenue, the abolition of begar and boycott of oppressive landlords. Peasants stop giving services like washing to the landlords. This was called nai-dobhi bandh. Nehru went to all the places of Awadh and learned about problems of peasants. Then Owadh Kisan Sabha was made by Nehru, Baba Ram Chandra among others. The idea of Congress was to join their problem to nation problem. But peasants became violent and they did it all in the name of Gandhi.

[Tribal peasants ————————————————— folk hero.]

Britishers had taken away the forest lands of tribal people. So, basically their livelihood. Raju, a man who said he could make correct future telling came up and asked people to support non-cooperation. They were asked to wear Khadi and boycott foreign goods. Problems began when these peasants started killing Britishers and attacked stations. Raju, was captured and executed in 1924 but he already had become a local hero.

SWARAJ IN THE PLANTATIONS

[Workers too had ——————————————- brutally beaten up.]

Freedom from plantations workers was to be able to go from where they grew tea to their villages. But, under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not allowed to go out of plantations. So, when they heard of non-cooperation movement, they just moved out. But, sadly they met the railway and steamer strike and police beat them up.

[The visions ———————————————– immediate locality]

Peasants of awadh, peasants of Gudeem Hills of Andhra and Plantation workers all of them had a different idea of the non-cooperation movement. But, they all wanted freedom and when they asked in name of Gandhi, their local struggle got linked to the entire struggle.

TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

[In February 1922 ———————————————————————- full independence.]

Non-Cooperation movement was withdrawn by Gandhi because it turned out violent. He thought first people would be trained and then mass struggles should be done. But, within Congress, people were tired of mass struggles. They wanted to be part of Councils as part of Government of India Act of 1919 and carry out reforms. Some in Congress wanted freedom.

[In such a situation, ———————————————————————— all British.]

In the late 1920s, there was a great depression. As a result, agricultural prices went down and farmers were troubled. To solve it, Britain formed a Statuary commission under John Simon. Also, they wanted to have a constitution and so a commission was made. The problem-> no Indian was involved. So, when Simon came, people shouted, “Go  Back, Simon.” To this, Lord Irwin gave a vague idea of dominion status in a roundtable conference. Congress leaders did not like it and declared they want Purna Swaraj. It was declared that 26 Jan 1930 will be celebrated as Independence day and people will fight for complete independence.

THE SALT MARCH AND THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

[Mahatma Gandhi —————————————— face of British Rule ]

Gandhi on 31 January 1930 sent out a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating the 11 demands of Indians.The demands were chosen as such so that all Indians could relate to it and be brought together. One of them was to abolish salt tax and Britisher’s monopoly on its production.

[———— and ultimatum ————- salt by boiling sea water]

Gandhi basically gave an ultimatum. If Britishers agreed to those demands by 11 March, fine else he will launch Civil Disobedience movement. Irwin did not agree. So, Dandi March began from Sabarmati to the coast of Dandi where he manufactured salt by boiling sea water.

[This marked —————————————- graze cattle.]

In Civil Disobedience, it was told to not only refuse cooperation to British but also break their laws. Many people manufactured salt i.e. broke the salt law. Peasants refused to pay taxes, people broke forest laws by going into the reserved forest laws.

[Worked by the development —————————————-  arrested.]

With people breaking laws, Britishers got scared. So, they started arresting Congress leaders. When Abdul Gaffar Khand was arrested people demonstrated. When Gandhi got arrested workers attacked stations, law courts etc. Britishers started attacking peaceful satyagrahis and one lac people were arrested.

[In such a situation, ———————————- lost movement.]

Gandhi again called off the movement, because it got violent and decided to have a pact with Irwin. Result of this, he went to London for a roundtable conference, where he got nothing. He was told that political prisoners will be released but when he came back Nehru and Gaffar were still in Jail, Congress was considered illegal and meetings would not be held.Gandhi decided to relaunch the movement, but it failed.

HOW PARTICIPANTS SAW THE MOVEMENT

[In the countryside, —————————————————— participate.]

The patidars of Gujarat and Jats of UP were active in the civil disobedience movement. These people source of income was commercial crops and when those crops failed, they were hard hitten. Britishers did not reduce taxes and they actively participated in the civil disobedience movement. But, when the movement failed without reducing the revenue they lost hope. Next time when it started they did not pay much heed.

[The poorest peasantry ————————————— remained uncertain.]

There were issues between the poor peasantry and Congress. So, poor peasants had to pay rents for their homes and since no one had any money, peasants demanded that they are freed from the past rent they did not pay. Since Congress did not want to upset rich people, they did not support.

[What about business ————————————– Congress?]

Business people made huge profits during the world war I and now they wanted to expand. They wanted protection against foreign imports and gap between dollar and rupee. So, that people buy from their own country. As a result, they supported civil disobedience movement. After the failure of the roundtable conference, they were no longer interested. Business people felt they could lose money.

[The industrial working ———————————————- presence.]

Industrialist was there for Congress but not for the workers. Some did try, took rallies and wore Gandhi caps but Congress was reluctant to include them as this would cause them the support of industrialist. During Salt March, a lot of women came out of their house and took part in rallies. It was seen as though it was the sacred duty of women to serve women. But, Gandhi thought that the duty of women was to look after the home and be good mothers and wives. So, Congress did not try to give women andy position in Congress. The only thing that mattered was their presence.

THE LIMITS OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

[Not all social groups ———————————————————————- strong.]

All the Indians were not excited about the idea of Swaraj. One of them were the untouchables. Congress ignored them in order to please the high caste Hindus. To involve them, Gandhi started calling them Harijans fighting their entry into temples and cleaning. But, Dalit leaders wanted reserved seats.

[Dr. B.R Ambedkar ————————— movement.]

BR Ambedkar asked for a separate electorate which he got. Gandhi then decided to fast until death until this was removed. It was then that the Poona Pact happened. As per that, depressed caste was given seats in the province and central legislative council but had to be voted in general elections.

[Some of the Muslims —————————— between two communities.]

The non-cooperation Khilafat movement had failed and Congress started being seen more with the Hindu Nationalist groups. Muslims started feeling alienated. There were many processions which then increased the distance between Hindu and Muslims.

[The Congress and Muslims ———————————————— compromise.]

By 1927, Congress and Muslim league started thinking of a compromise. Jinnah asked for reserved seats in Central Assembly and representation in proportion to the population in the Muslim dominated provinces. Everything was fine but MR Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha went against it.

[When the Civil Disobedience ————————————— majority.]

When civil disobedience movement started there was mistrust between the Hindus and the Muslims. Muslims feared that they will not get equal status in Hindu dominated country. Call for United struggle was on a weaker side.

THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING

[Nationalism spreads —————————— making of nationalism.]

Nationalism spreads when people start believing they are part of the same thing [here nation]. It is when people find unity. Nationalism also came in when they found similar struggles. Also, culture, songs, prints etc, tried to bring people together.

[The identity of the nation ——————— one’s nationalism.]

It is important for a nation to have an image. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay first created an image of Bharat Mata. By that time, Indians had started referring their country has “Bharat Mata”. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay also wrote Vande Mataram which was sung during Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. Moved by this Abindranath Tagore made an image of Bharat Mata. She was calm, compose, divine and spiritual. Later on, different forms came and all of them became evidence of one’s unity.

[Ideas of nationalism ——————————————————— characteristics.]

To promote nationalism, people started traveling across India to find out the real culture and started recording folk tales. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore started collecting ballads, nursery rhymes, myths and led the movement of the folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published Tamil folk tales, the folklore of Southern India. According to him, folklore was the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts.

[As the national movement —————– marches began ——————- defiance]

As the movement grew, more ideas started coming up. During swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolor flag with lotuses ( representing 8 provinces of British India) and a moon ( representing Hindu and Muslims) was made. Later on, Gandhi designed the flag, the tricolor, and the wheel. The wheel was the symbol of self-help.

[Another means of creating ——————————————— felt left out.]

According to Britishers, Indians were very backward. But, Indians thought of bringing pride back and started reinterpreting the history of the country. Now, more started being written about the glorious times, the time before India was colonized. About, science, architecture, arts etc, to instill pride. But, the problem was that when this was done, it was only for Hindu. So, basically, the Hindu past was glorified as a result of which other communities felt left out.

NCERTNotes