Tanubhrt.This.Side

[We learned in class IX ————————————– environment.]

Environment problems are often the global level problems. There are international laws and regulations, national laws and acts for environment protection. Several national and international organizations are working towards protecting the environment.

[Awareness about problems ———————————————- causing micro-organisms]

There has been a recent awareness about the problems caused by unthinkably exploiting the resources. In 1985, Ganga Action plan came into existence because the quality of water was really poor in Ganga. Coliform is a group of bacteria found in the human intestines, the presence of which in water indicates the contamination by disease-causing micro-organisms.

[As you can see —————————————————————————unusual indicator]

There are measurable factors using which we can quantify the pollution and find the quality of water. Some pollutants in water are very harmful and even if they are present in fewer quantities, they tend to cause a lot of harm. We need sophisticated equipment to measure them. Otherwise, a universal indicator can be used to find the pH of the water.

[But, we need not feel ——————————————— refer]

There are three Rs to save the environment – reuse, recycle and reduce.

Reduce – it means restricting the usage of the resources. So, switch off unnecessary lights and fans and avoid using leaky taps.

recycle – it simply means instead of throwing away, collect plastics, glass, metal and recycle them to make required things. Instead of synthesizing or extracting fresh plastics, paper, glass or metal. Here we first segregate our wastes so that material that can be recycled is not dumped.

reuse – it is better than recycle as it does not use any energy. Her you use things again and again. Plastic bottles of jam can be used for storing other things.

[But, even when making ———————- natural resources.]

Sustainable development encourages forms of growth that meet current basic needs while preserving the resources for the future generation. Economic development is linked with sustainable development. Sustainable development depends on the willingness of people to change their perceptions of socio-economic and environmental conditions around them, the readiness of each individual to their present use of natural resources.

WHY DO WE NEED TO MANAGE RESOURCES

[Not just roads and buildings —————————————- make use of it.]

Everything that we consume from books, toys, furniture is from the resources available on Earth. It is only energy from Sum which is also processed by living organisms through various physical and chemical processes.

[Why do we need to ——————————– of these resources.]

Natural resources are limited and human population is increasing. So, the need for resources is also increasing. To manage natural resources, we need a long-term perspective so that they can last for a longer time. And also, resources are distributed to everyone.

[Another factor to be ——————————————————— of these wastes too.]

It is important to consider the damage caused by extracting natural resources. Like to extract a metal large amount of slag is discarded. Sustainable natural resources demand that we plan for safe disposal of the wastes.

FORESTS AND WILDLIFE

[Forests are ————————————————- stability.]

Forests are the biodiversity hotspots. The measure of biodiversity is the number of specifies living there. But it is also important to have various life forms like bacteria, fungi, ferns and so on. The main aim of conservation is to preserve the biodiversity we have. If we lose diversity, it may cause ecological imbalance.

STAKEHOLDERS

[We all use various ———————————– pristine forms.]

When conserving forest we need to look at the stakeholders of the forest –

• people who live around forest and depend on its produce.
• the forest department that owns the lands and controls the resources.
• industrialist who use forest products
• wildlife and native enthusiast who want to conserve nature.

[Let us take —————————— forests.]

Local people need large quantities of firewood, small timber and thatch. Bamboo is used to make slate for huts and baskets for collecting and storing food materials. Implements for agriculture, fishing and hunting are made of wood. Also, forests are sits for fishing and hunting. People’s cattle also graze in forest areas or feed on fooder collected from forests.

[Do you think ————————————— forests department?]

Before Britishers came, people were living in forests for centuries. They knew how to make sure that resources were sustainable manner. When Britishers came, they exploited the forests and middle people living in smaller areas. When India became independent, forest department took over Britishers but local needs were ignored even then. Forest tracts got converted to monocultures of pine, teak or cleaned up of all the vegetation. Not only this, various needs of local people like leaves for fodder, herbs for medicine, fruits and nuts are no longer met in forests.

[Do you know ——————————————- similar manner?]

Industries of timber, paper, tac and sports equipment depend on forests. Industries are not interested in the sustainability of forest and since they have greater reach than local people they tend to get access. So, when they have used teak trees of a particular areas, they get it from some far off place.

[Lastly, we come ——————————————– Rajasthan.]

Conservationalist, although are not dependent on forests, they have their stakes. They initially wanted to conserve tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses but now ask for bio-diversity to be saved as a whole. Local people often work to conserve forest. Example  – for the Bishnoi community-saving forest was a religious tenet. Government of India instituted the “Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award for Wildlife Conservation.” in memory of Amrita Devi. Amrita Devi in 1731 sacrificed her life along with 363 others for the protection of “Khejri trees” in Khejralli villages near Jodhpur in Rajasthan.

[Studies have shown ——————————– fresh growth.]

There have been examples where prejudice against the traditional use of forest areas had no basis. For example- the great Himalayan national park had alpine meadows which were grazed by Sheep in summer. But when national park was formed this was stopped. It is now seen that without regular grazing by sheep, grass first grows tall and then falls over preventing fresh growth.

[Management of protected areas —————————– considered.]

We cannot blame the local people for the destruction of the forest. Deforestation caused by industrial practices along with tourist damage also has to be considered.

[We need to accept ——————————————————- material aspirations.]

One cannot deny the human intervention in forests. All we need is to manage is the extent of the intervention. We need to use the forest resources such that the environment is preserved and the benefits of controlled exploitation go to people. It will be a process in which decentralized economic growth and ecological conservation go hand in hand. Nature has to be created as an entity that provides resources and we must use it with caution for our economic and social growth and to meet our material expectation.

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT

[ We need to consider ———————————————————————- had to withdraw.]

Forest resources are given to industrialist at a lesser price than to the local people. The Chipko Movement was started to bring the rights of people to end alienation from the forests. It started in the 1970s  in Garhwal region. A dispute was there between the logging constructor and the local people over trees. So when the contractor came to cut trees, women of Garhwal went on and hugged trees. Resulting the contractor had to move backward.

[Inherent in ————————————————————————————– forests.]

When Chipko movement happened, people started thinking who does the forest actually belongs to. Destruction of forest affects the availability of the forest products along with the quality of soil and sources of water.

An example of people’s participation in the management of the Forests

[In 1972,—————————————————————————– Naxalites.]

In West Bengal, the traditional methods of surveillance and policing led to a complete alienation of people from the administration. Naxalites led the forest and land-related conflicts in the region.

[Accordingly, ————————————-12.5 crores.]

The government then changed the strategy. They started involving villagers and even gave them employment and food. With the active participation of the local community, sal forest became worth Rs. 12.5 crore.

DAMS

[Why do we ——————————————————————– canal network?]

Dams ensure storage of water and also provide electricity. Canal created from them tend to transfer water at large distance. The Indira Gandhi canal brought greenery to considerable area of Rajasthan. But, mismanagement with dams is a big issue. Often people living near to dams, start growing crops which require more water. As a result, people living far did not get any water. The criticism about large dams addresses the following problems –

• social problems as they displace a large number of peasants without adequate compensation.
• economic problems because most people swallow the huge amount of money.
• creation of dams often create a lot of deforestation and loss of biological diversity.

WATER HARVESTING

[Watershed management ——————————— back to life.]

It emphasizes soil and water consumption to increase biomass production. With watershed management, the aim is to first create primary sources of land and water and then create secondary sources for plants and animals. In doing so, we need to create ecological balance. When we use watershed management, it increases production and income of watershed community and also mitigates droughts and floods. As a result, the life of downstream dams and reservoirs is increased. Many organizations have used methods to save every drop of water. They have dug small pots, put in place simple watershed systems, built small earthen dams, sand and limestone resources, set up rooftop water, collecting units etc.

Water harvesting ——————————————reduced/removed.

Water harvesting techniques are often very locale and the more control we give to locals for water harvesting, the better they use it.

COAL AND PETROLEUM

[We have seen—————————— coal and petroleum.]

Since the industrial revolution, we have been using increasing amounts of energy to meet the basic needs and manufacture of a large number of goods on which our lives depend on. To meet these, energy need we need coal and petroleum.

[The management of these ———————————————— 2300 years.]

The thing with coal and petroleum is that they take to form, probably millions of years and so no matter what they are going to exhaust. We would need to alternative resources. As per the estimates, the petroleum will last next 40 years and coal for 200 years.

[But looking ——————————judiciosly]

Coal and petroleum have been formed from biomass. These contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur when they burn. carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulfur and formed. Of these oxides, sulfur, nitrogen and carbon monoxide are poisonous at high concentrations and co2 is a greenhouse gas. Coal and petroleum are huge reservoirs of carbon and if all of this carbon gets converted to carbon-dioxide there will be intense global warming.

[Some simple choices ———————————————— are pollution.]

If we manage coal and petroleum in a better way, there will be complete combustion in engines and an increase in efficiency and reduced air pollution.